100. When the first great gathering to inaugurate the English League of Nations Union met in Westminster, people were turned away from the dangerously packed hall, not by the hundred but by the thousand. Lubell (n 80) 750. France's Manual on the Law of Armed Conflict explains that [a]n intention to surrender must be clearly expressed; by raising hands, throwing down weapons or waving a white flag.Footnote State practice points towards a broad reading of the notion of what is a hostile act. 18 Hostname: page-component-75cd96bb89-gxqps 139 46 Broadly speaking, the law of international armed conflict distinguishes between two categories of people: combatants and civilians. Pictet, Jean, Development and Principles of International Humanitarian Law (Martinus Nijhoff 130 [I]t is always permissible due to military necessity to attack the enemy's combatants. 101 Like Popular Stories of Ancient Egypt (Classic Folk and Fairy Tales)? [T]ribal and pre-state societies seldom [took] prisoners and usually [did] not accept surrender: Lawrence H Keely, Surrender and Prisoners in Prehistoric and Tribal Societies in Afflerbach and Strachan (n 2) 7, 7. 18 2012) 75Google Scholar. By and large, however, the treaties do not fully delineate the meaning of the rule of surrender and, while military manuals overwhelmingly require that armed forces do not make surrendered persons the object of attack, they generally fail to specify the conditions that constitute a legally effective surrender. The Lieber Code is often regarded as providing the foundation for subsequent attempts to regulate warfare. Retreat is not the same as surrender. [4], When the parties agree to terms, the surrender may be conditional; that is, the surrendering party agrees to submit only after the victor makes certain promises. indeed, surrender is 'one of the most important rules' 1 of international humanitarian law because it is the ' [principal] device for containing destruction and death in our culture of war'. 54 135 [The opponent] may not refuse an offer of surrender when communicated, but that communication must be made at a time when it can be received and properly acted upon an attempt to surrender in the midst of a hard-fought battle is neither easily communicated nor received. The Geneva Conventions must be understood as a human rights treaty, say Byers, created to protect individuals and not the state that signed it. It contains no obligation "either explicit or implicit" for refugees to claim asylum in the first safe country they reach . Once Islam is defined as inherently violent and . While the notion of attempting to escape is relatively self-explanatory, what constitutes a hostile act is far from clear. [5] An early example of a military surrender is the defeat of Carthage by the Roman Empire at the end of the Second Punic War. Given that most armed conflicts today are non-international, applying Common Article 3 is of the utmost importance. This has been consistently interpreted as imposing a treaty obligation upon parties to this Protocol to accept valid offers of surrender.Footnote 32 The Rule of Surrender in International Humanitarian Senior Lecturer in International Law, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. and that [t]he hoisting of a white flag has no other legal meaning in the law of war.Footnote Every Statebound by the treaties is under the legal obligation to search for and prosecute those in its territory suspected of committing such crimes, regardless of the nationality of the suspect or victim, or of the place where the act was allegedly committed. However, rather than engaging in an intensive analysis of the rule of surrender during land warfare, Robertson's contribution is a case study that focuses upon whether Iraqi soldiers manning oil platforms during the First Gulf War had effectively expressed an intention to surrender under international humanitarian law before they were attacked by US helicopters. For example, Cameroon's Instructor's Manual explains that the white flag is the symbol of surrender of troops and engages the adversary to respect immediately the ceasefire rules.Footnote [12], The Program for Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research at Harvard University, "IHL PRIMER SERIES | Issue #1" Accessed at, alleged false surrender of British troops at Kilmichael, "Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. 102 They organized a provisional govern- ment for service until a permanent one might be established by the people. On August 12th, 2016, the Geneva Conventions--which place limits on how war is waged and form the cornerstone of international humanitarian law (IHL)--turn 67. US Law of War Manual (n 68) para 5.4.6.3. The ICRC insists that customary international law also imposes an obligation to refrain from targeting those who have surrendered, yet Rule 47 of the ICRC Study provides no further guidance on what conduct constitutes a legally effective surrender, stating merely that a person is immune from attack where he or she expresses an intention to surrender. On rare occasions the demands of military necessity converge with humanitarian considerations and prompt the law in the same direction.Footnote 106 The logs revealed that during the Second Gulf War a US Apache helicopter engaged a truck containing two Iraqi insurgents. Note that the focus of the article is upon the rule of surrender during land warfare in the context of international and non-international armed conflict. 67 Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions covered, for the first time, situations of non-international armed conflicts. 29-10-2010 Overview The third Geneva Convention provides a wide range of protection for prisoners of war. What is perhaps most surprising is that there has been relatively little consideration of the rule of surrender within international humanitarian law literature. of international humanitarian law because it is the [principal] device for containing destruction and death in our culture of war.Footnote In practice, it [the rule of surrender] is one of the most important rules of the Protocol [Additional Protocol I (n 6 below)]: See generally 87 Other emblems were later recognized, and the Geneva Conventions of 1949, the main topic of this article, confirmed them all. Has data issue: true Virginia Journal of International Law 795, 798Google Scholar. 2013) 1Google Scholar, para 109. 6 how and why people become prisoners of war, as well as when surrender must be accepted if recognized (although a false surrender or similar ruse would constitute a war crime in its own right . Both Additional Protocols to the 1949 Geneva ConventionsFootnote 131 Sandoz, Swinarski and Zimmermann (n 1) 487. This being said, under international humanitarian law persons are regarded as hors de combat and thus immune from attack where they are in the power of the adverse party: Additional Protocol I (n 6) art 41(2)(a); ICRC Study (n 6) r 47. 60 According to the Israeli Military Manual, it is absolutely forbidden in the strongest terms to attack such a combatant [one who has surrendered]. Henderson, Ian, The Contemporary Law of Targeting (Martinus Nijhoff 7 35 For the purpose of this Statute, 'war crimes' means: Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, namely, any of the following acts against persons or property protected under . Its customary status during international armed conflict is confirmed by ICRC Study (n 6) r 15. During the period of direct participation civilians are able to surrender and, as with combatants, in order to do so they must perform a positive act which clearly indicates that they no longer intend to directly participate in hostilities. 87 A number of academics also hold this view: eg, Sandesh Sivakumaran, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict (Oxford University Press 2012) 413 (an intention to surrender is indicated in the form of waving a white flag or discarding weapons and placing hands on heads). 7 40 Moreover, there are few reported instances of surrender occurring during actual hostilities that have raised difficulties under international humanitarian law, meaning that by and large states have not been formally required to determine the content and scope of the rule of surrender. 2009) 8687 57 53 Retreating forces remain dangerous as the enemy force may recover to counterattack, consolidate a new defensive position, or assist the war effort in other ways.Footnote The wording of this provision is repeated verbatim in Article 8(2)(b)(vi) of the ICC Statute,Footnote Without a legal guarantee that they will not be made the object of attack once they have laid down their weapons and submitted themselves to the authority of their enemy, there would be no incentive for those persons engaged in hostilities to surrender and fights to the death would invariably ensue, thereby prolonging armed conflict and fuelling unnecessary violence and suffering. The ICRChas a special role given by the Geneva Conventions: it handles, and is granted access to, the wounded, sick, and POWs. Prisoners of War are supposed to be protected and provisioned for. [3], Alternatively, in a surrender at discretion (unconditional surrender), the victor makes no promises of treatment, and unilaterally defines the treatment of the vanquished party. More recent times brought about an increased tendency to regulate warfare and thus the tendency towards regulating surrender continued and improved.Footnote 38 Paul Cartledge, Surrender in Ancient Greece in Afflerbach and Strachan (n 2) 15, 21. As the quotations from the above military manuals reveal, the white flag does occupy an important role in international humanitarian law. (footnotes omitted). Section 4 provides some conclusions. In turn, this will allow for the conditions that trigger the obligation to accept offers of surrender under international humanitarian law to be more easily discerned and better understood. Rome Statute establishing the International Criminal Court (entered into force 3 September 2002) 2187 UNTS 90 (ICC Statute), art 8(2)(b)(vi). 21 In such instances the adverse party is not under an obligation to offer its opponent the opportunity to surrender before direct targeting can commence but, instead, international humanitarian law prohibits the adverse party from making such a person the object of attack. The Statemay hand the suspect over to another Stateor an international tribunal for trial. Patrick E Tyler, War in the Gulf: The Overview; Iraq Orders Troops to Leave Kuwait but US Pursues Battlefield Gains; Heavy American Toll in Scud Attack, The New York Times, 26 February 1991, http://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/26/world/war-gulf-overview-iraq-orders-troops-leave-kuwait-but-us-pursues-battlefield.html?pagewanted=all. In the context of war, perfidy is a form of deception in which one side promises to act in good faith (such as by raising a flag of truce) with the intention of breaking that promise once the unsuspecting enemy is exposed (such as by coming out of cover to take the "surrendering" prisoners into custody).. Perfidy constitutes a breach of the laws of war and so is a war crime, as it degrades the . 63 International humanitarian law nevertheless requires the commander to take all reasonable and feasible measures to ensure that the targets remain permissible objects of attack before launching an offensive. Furthermore, the Rome Statute establishing the International Criminal Court (ICC Statute) determines that in times of internationalFootnote Meron, Theodor, The Humanization of Humanitarian Law (2000) 94 The contribution of this article has been to propose a tripartite test for determining the type of conduct that constitutes an act of surrender and thus imposes a legal obligation upon opposing forces to cease fire: (1) Have surrendering persons engaged in positive acts that clearly indicate that they are outside the theatre of war and therefore no longer represent a threat to the opposing force? Melzer, Nils, Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law (ICRC Eventually, its normative influence impacted upon the regulation of armed conflict and sought to have a humanising effect on it, encouraging the adoption of rules that better protected the human dignity of those embroiled in armed conflict.Footnote In order to be in the power of an adverse party the person in question does not have to be physically apprehended by the opposing force. Render date: 2023-01-18T22:59:46.379Z Attacking persons who are recognized as hors de combat is prohibited. Article 42 of Additional Protocol I provides that in an international armed conflict no person parachuting from an aircraft in distress shall be made the object of attack during his descent and, upon reaching enemy territory, he or she must be given a reasonable opportunity to surrender before being made the object of attack, unless it is apparent that he is engaging in a hostile act. The Geneva Convention (1929) was signed at Geneva, July 27, 1929. For example, Article 41(2) of Additional Protocol I expressly imposes an obligation to accept offers of surrender but merely states that a person is hors de combat where he or she expresses an intention to surrender. 91 In ancient Greece Greek religious beliefs did not give rise to ethical or humanitarian limitations on the conduct of warfare.Footnote 14 The notion of fighters also includes those members of an organised armed group that is party to a non-international armed conflict and who possess a continuous combat function.Footnote The doctrine of universal jurisdiction is based on the notion that some crimes, such as genocide, crimes against humanity,torture, and war crimes, areso exceptionally gravethat they affect the fundamental interests of the international community as a whole. 40 Roberts further notes that [t]he issue is not that ground forces simply cannot surrender to aircraft. US Law of War Manual (n 68) para 5.9.3.2.; France, Manuel de Droit des Conflits Arms, Ministre de la Dfense, Direction des Affaires Juridiques, Sous-Direction du droit international humanitaire et du droit europen, Bureau du droit des conflits arms (2001) 105; Belgium, Droit de la Guerre, Dossier d'Instruction pour Soldat, l'attention des officiers instructeurs, JS3, Etat-Major Gnral, Forces Armes belges, undated, 15; Cameroon, Droit des conflits arms et droit international humanitaire, Manuel de l'instructeur en vigueur dans les forces de dfense, Prsidence de la Rpublique, Ministre de la Dfense, Etat-major des Armes (2006) 256; Benin, Le Droit de la Guerre, III fascicules, Forces Armes du Bnin, Ministre de la Dfense nationale (1995); Chad, Droit international humanitaire, Manuel de l'instructeur en vigueur dans les forces armes et de scurit, Ministre de la Dfense, Prsidence de la Rpublique, Etat-major des Armes (2006). This language was added in 1949 to accommodate situations that have all the characteristics of war without the existence of a formal declaration of war, such as a. As a result, virtually any conduct could be justified on the basis that it accrued a military advantage, even though it was highly dubious from a humanitarian perspective. Just check all flip PDFs from the author THE MANTHAN SCHOOL. Contrary to popular belief, the waving of a white flag is not a legally recognised method of expressing an intention to surrender under either conventional or customary international humanitarian law it does not attract sufficient support within state practice and, indeed, the practice of a number of states openly rejects the contention that the waving of a white flag is constitutive of surrender. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion [1996] ICJ Rep 226, paras 78, 79. The Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (1980) prohibits undetectable weapons (explosive devices made of all plastic which defeat metal detectors); mines and booby traps; firebombs and incendiary weapons; blinding lasers; or recycling used unexploded ordnance from previous wars. The US explains that [s]urrender may be made by any means that communicates the intent to give up. 104 Commenting upon the incident, Roberts correctly notes that while [s]urrender is not always a simple matter, the legal advice of the US military lawyer that ground forces cannot surrender to aircraft, and thus offers of surrender in such circumstances can be permissibly refused was dogmatic and wrong.Footnote There is one instance where a party to an armed conflict is legally required to offer opposing forces the opportunity to surrender before direct targeting can commence. 10, A similar story can be told in relation to the regulation of armed conflict, and thus the regulation of surrender during ancient times. Common Article 3 functions like a mini-Convention within the larger GenevaConvention itself, and establishes fundamental rules from which no derogation is permitted, containing the essential rules of the Geneva Convention in a condensed format, and making them applicable to non-international conflicts. provides: c) To kill or wound an enemy who, having laid down his arms, or having no longer means of defence, has surrendered at discretion. [8] US Army policy, for example, requires that surrendered persons should be secured and safeguarded while being evacuated from the battlefield. Put another way, there were in practice in ancient Greece very few and rather weak constraints upon indulgence in extremes of military anger and hatred, not stopping short of genocide, or at least ethnocide.Footnote 1 It is the duty of the Parties to a conflict from the beginning of that conflict to secure the supervision and implementation of the Conventions and of this Protocol by the application of the system of Protecting Powers, including inter alia the designation and acceptance of those Powers, in accordance with the following paragraphs. They're now collectively known as the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and contain the most important rules of war. 139. See also Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, adopted by the 9th UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders, Havana, 27 August7 September 1990, UN Doc A/CONF.144/28/Rev.1 (1990), art 10 of which provides that before using force, law enforcement officials shall give a clear warning of their intent to use firearms, with sufficient time for the warning to be observed, unless to do so would unduly place the law enforcement officials at risk or would create a risk of death or serious harm to other persons. For instance, in practice, the white flag has come to indicate surrender if displayed by individual soldiers or a small party in the course of an action.Footnote As a result, state practice makes it clear that the simple fact that troops are retreating does not demonstrate an intent to surrender.Footnote 80 US Law of Armed Conflict Deskbook (International and Operational Department 2015) 78. 95 Two additional protocols to the 1949 agreement were approved in 1977. 124 115, One final question remains. It renders the convicts or accused of such crimes to the jurisdiction of all signatory States, regardless of their nationality or territoriality of their crime. The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 extends the protection of civilians and prisoners of war during military occupation, even in the case . During times of international armed conflict state practice is fairly uniformFootnote J. Cadoux/ICRC Archives. 15 120, Surrender is a legal exchange constituted by a valid offer and its subsequent acceptance.Footnote O'Connell (n 19) para 109. 94 99. 131 Third, where a city was subject to a siege and the city refused to surrender, once the city was stormed it was accepted that knights were permitted to sack the city and that the normal code of chivalry (and thus the rule mandating the acceptance of surrender) was inoperative.Footnote Many bands took no prisoners, not even children or young women. 36 52 5 Marginal note: Conventions approved 2 (1) The Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims, signed at Geneva on August 12, 1949 and set out in Schedules I to IV, are approved.. And its subsequent acceptance.Footnote O'Connell ( n 68 ) para 5.4.6.3 Fairy Tales ) often regarded as providing the for. Applying Common Article 3 is of the utmost importance of 1949 extends the protection of civilians and prisoners war. 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