[94] He attended the Fifth RSDLP Congress, held at the Brotherhood Church in London in MayJune 1907. [591] In August 1949, the bomb was successfully tested in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. [747], As leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin typically awoke around 11am,[748] with lunch being served between 3 and 5pm and dinner no earlier than 9pm;[749] he then worked late into the evening. [914] In October 1961, Stalin's body was removed from the mausoleum and buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, the location marked by a bust. [381], The Soviet Union experienced a major famine which peaked in the winter of 193233;[382] between five and seven million people died. [214] He returned to Moscow between January and March 1919,[215] before being assigned to the Western Front at Petrograd. [54] His militant rhetoric proved divisive among the city's Marxists, some of whom suspected that he might be an agent provocateur working for the government. [527] At Tehran, the trio agreed that to prevent Germany rising to military prowess yet again, the German state should be broken up. [595] Stalin's strategy for emerging as leader was to destroy the authority of his opponents. [67] He called for the Georgian Marxist movement to split from its Russian counterpart, resulting in several RSDLP members accusing him of holding views contrary to the ethos of Marxist internationalism and calling for his expulsion from the party; he soon recanted his opinions. [359] Socialist realism was promoted throughout arts,[360] while Stalin personally wooed prominent writers, namely Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Sholokhov, and Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy. [132] In January 1913, Stalin travelled to Vienna,[133] where he researched the 'national question' of how the Bolsheviks should deal with the Russian Empire's national and ethnic minorities. [219], The Bolsheviks won the Russian civil war by the end of 1919. This purge left his military in bad shape when war came, stripped of many of its most capable officers, but just another day for "The Man of Steel." Acknowledge. [3] [4] [5] Contents 1 Early life 2 CTU General Secretary 2.1 2022 Sri Lankan protests 3 References Early life [ edit] [139] According to Montefiore, this was "Stalin's most famous work". [373] In November 1932, after a group dinner in the Kremlin in which Stalin flirted with other women, Nadezhda shot herself. [825] Service cautioned that there was "no irrefutable evidence" of anti-Semitism in Stalin's published work, although his private statements and public actions were "undeniably reminiscent of crude antagonism towards Jews";[826] he added that throughout Stalin's lifetime, the Georgian "would be the friend, associate or leader of countless individual Jews". [251] For Lenin, it was advantageous to have a key ally in this crucial post.[252]. [540] The Red Army withheld assistance to Polish resistance fighters battling the Germans in the Warsaw Uprising, with Stalin believing that any victorious Polish militants could interfere with his aspirations to dominate Poland through a future Marxist government. [306], In 1926, Stalin published On Questions of Leninism. [236] Lenin joined Trotsky in criticising him, and nobody spoke on his behalf at the conference. [625] Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue. [893] During Stalin's lifetime, his approved biographies were largely hagiographic in content. [869], Stalin strengthened and stabilised the Soviet Union. [856] After Stalin's death, Svetlana changed her surname from Stalin to Alliluyeva,[674] and defected to the U.S.[857], After Nadezhda's death, Stalin became increasingly close to his sister-in-law Zhenya Alliluyeva;[858] Montefiore believed that they were lovers. We must close that gap in ten years. [136], Stalin's article Marxism and the National Question[137] was first published in the March, April, and May 1913 issues of the Bolshevik journal Prosveshcheniye;[138] Lenin was pleased with it. [224] In February 1920, he was appointed to head the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate;[225] that same month he was also transferred to the Caucasian Front. the unchallenged leader of the Soviet Union. [124] In July, he arrived at the Siberian village of Narym,[125] where he shared a room with a fellow Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov. Stalin's original Georgian name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili (, While forced to give up control of the Secretariat almost immediately after succeeding Stalin as the body's. [372] His relationship with Nadezhda was also strained amid their arguments and her mental health problems. Smallpox as a child left him with lasting scars and a deformity. [196] That month, he travelled to Helsinki to talk with the Finnish Social-Democrats, granting Finland's request for independence in December. [526] There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire. [264], Their differences also became personal; Lenin was particularly angered when Stalin was rude to his wife Krupskaya during a telephone conversation. [496] Stalin exploited Nazi anti-Semitism, and in April 1942 he sponsored the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC) to garner Jewish and foreign support for the Soviet war effort. [699] After the October Revolution, they continued to have differences. Reason 3: He was Stalin Reason 4: He killed between six million and 20 million people. He was a true believer". 00447, listing 268,950 people for arrest, of whom 75,950 were executed. [199] Stalin thought it necessary because unlike Lenin he was unconvinced that Europe was on the verge of proletarian revolution. As leader of a highly centralised dictatorship Josef Stalin inevitably played a pivotal part in every area of the Soviet war effort during the Great Patriotic War (1941-45). [444] Yezhov was arrested in April 1939 and executed in 1940. [514], By November 1942, the Soviets had begun to repulse the important German strategic southern campaign and, although there were 2.5million Soviet casualties in that effort, it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front. [112] There he had affairs with at least two women; his landlady, Maria Kuzakova, later gave birth to his second son, Konstantin. [912] In 1956, Khrushchev gave his "Secret Speech", titled "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", to a closed session of the Party's 20th Congress. [303] According to Montefiore, at this point "Stalin was the leader of the oligarchs but he was far from a dictator". [817] His Volynskoe suburb had a 20-hectare (50-acre) park, with Stalin devoting much attention to its agricultural activities. [543] Stalin had wanted Hitler captured alive; he had his remains brought to Moscow to prevent them becoming a relic for Nazi sympathisers. [350] From 1929 to 1930, further show trials were held to intimidate opposition:[351] these included the Industrial Party Trial, Menshevik Trial, and Metro-Vickers Trial. [534] Cautiously regarding the responses from the Western Allies, Stalin avoided immediately installing Communist Party governments across Eastern Europe, instead initially ensuring that Marxist-Leninists were placed in coalition ministries. [942], "Stalin" redirects here. [577] He demoted Molotov,[578] and increasingly favoured Beria and Malenkov for key positions. [610] In Czechoslovakia, where the communists did have a level of popular support, they were elected the largest party in 1946. [103] In Baku he had reassembled his gang, the Outfit,[104] which continued to attack Black Hundreds and raised finances by running protection rackets, counterfeiting currency, and carrying out robberies. [144], In February 1913, Stalin was arrested while back in Saint Petersburg. [151][152], In Kureika, Stalin lived among the indigenous Tunguses and Ostyak peoples,[153] and spent much of his time fishing. [244] The Georgian Communist Party opposed the idea, resulting in the Georgian affair. [774] He was a good organiser,[775] with a strategic mind,[776] and judged others according to their inner strength, practicality, and cleverness. [100] In August 1907, he attended the Seventh Congress of the Second International an international socialist organisation in Stuttgart, Germany. Succeeding Lenin and his Rise to Power [671] Reforms to the Soviet system were immediately implemented. [235] Trotsky claimed that Stalin sabotaged the campaign by disobeying troop transfer orders. After Stalin's death in 1953, he was eventually succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who subsequently denounced his rule and initiated the de-Stalinisation of Soviet society. [287] Stalin built up a retinue of his supporters in the Central Committee,[288] while the Left Opposition were gradually removed from their positions of influence. [720] In private he often used coarse language and profanity, although avoided doing so in public. [432] His personal writings from the period were according to Khlevniuk "unusually convoluted and incoherent", filled with claims about enemies encircling him. [941] Nonetheless, some churches have kept religious icons showing Stalin at least since 2008. [30] According to Stalin's biographer Simon Sebag Montefiore, they became "minor Georgian classics"[31] and were included in various anthologies of Georgian poetry over the coming years. [555], After the war, Stalin wasaccording to Serviceat the "apex of his career". [395] In 1938, The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), colloquially known as the Short Course, was released;[396] biographer Robert Conquest later referred to it as the "central text of Stalinism". Lenin's Testament, 4 January 1923;[253] this was possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than Lenin himself. [432], During the 1930s and 1940s, NKVD groups assassinated defectors and opponents abroad;[433] in August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico, eliminating the last of Stalin's opponents among the former Party leadership. [449], As a MarxistLeninist, Stalin considered conflict between competing capitalist powers inevitable; after Nazi Germany annexed Austria and then part of Czechoslovakia in 1938, he recognised a war was looming. Stalin was officially the leader of the Communist party, but to many in the Party, he was only a figurehead. [51] He continued to evade arrest by using aliases and sleeping in different apartments. A+. [345] To promote intensification of labour, a series of medals and awards as well as the Stakhanovite movement were introduced. 227 in July 1942, which directed that those retreating unauthorised would be placed in "penal battalions" used as cannon fodder on the front lines. [622], At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States divided up the Korean Peninsula, formerly a Japanese colonial possession, along the 38th parallel, setting up a communist government in the north and a pro-Western government in the south. Submitted by sgel on June 17, 2011. [795] Stalin also enjoyed watching films late at night at cinemas installed in the Kremlin and his dachas. [652] Svetlana and Vasily were called to the dacha on 2 March; the latter was drunk and angrily shouted at the doctors, as a result of which he was sent home. [66] There, he co-edited a Georgian Marxist newspaper, Proletariatis Brdzola ("Proletarian Struggle"), with Philip Makharadze. [377] Social unrest, previously restricted largely to the countryside, was increasingly evident in urban areas, prompting Stalin to ease on some of his economic policies in 1932. [397] A number of authorised Stalin biographies were also published,[398] although Stalin generally wanted to be portrayed as the embodiment of the Communist Party rather than have his life story explored. [566] In the Baltic states, where there was much opposition to Soviet rule, de-kulakisation and de-clericalisation programs were initiated, resulting in 142,000 deportations between 1945 and 1949. "[870] These deaths occurred as a result of collectivisation, famine, terror campaigns, disease, war and mortality rates in the Gulag. [243] Stalin opposed the idea of separate Georgian, Armenian, and Azeri autonomous republics, arguing that these would likely oppress ethnic minorities within their respective territories; instead he called for a Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. 03:28. [451] Militarily, the Soviets also faced a threat from the east, with Soviet troops clashing with the expansionist Japanese in the latter part of the 1930s. [716] He was of the view that if they became fully autonomous, then they would end up being controlled by the most reactionary elements of their community; as an example he cited the largely illiterate Tatars, whom he claimed would end up dominated by their mullahs. [217] He was reprimanded by Lenin at the 8th Party Congress for employing tactics which resulted in far too many deaths of Red Army soldiers. [330] Famine broke out in many areas,[331] with the Politburo frequently ordering distribution of emergency food relief to these regions. [667], Stalin left neither a designated successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place. [849] In later life, he disapproved of Svetlana's various suitors and husbands, putting a strain on his relationship with her. [262] Lenin accused Stalin of "Great Russian chauvinism"; Stalin accused Lenin of "national liberalism". [211] His use of state violence and terror was at a greater scale than most Bolshevik leaders approved of;[212] for instance, he ordered several villages to be torched to ensure compliance with his food procurement program. Reuters. Stalin, for the most part, was a successful leader. [741], During his youth, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values. [461] On 28 September, Germany and the Soviet Union exchanged some of their newly conquered territories; Germany gained the linguistically Polish-dominated areas of Lublin Province and part of Warsaw Province while the Soviets gained Lithuania. [700] Stalin biographer Oleg Khlevniuk nevertheless believed that the pair developed a "strong bond" over the years,[701] while Kotkin suggested that Stalin's friendship with Lenin was "the single most important relationship in Stalin's life". [299], Stalin was now the party's supreme leader,[300] although he was not the head of government, a task he entrusted to his key ally Vyacheslav Molotov. [395] He declared that "socialism, which is the first phase of communism, has basically been achieved in this country". Stalin, however, did this strategically, executing the murder of Vladimir Lenin in a guiltless manner. Stalin, Trotsky, Sverdlov, and Lenin lived at the Kremlin. Joseph Stalin (trade unionist) Joseph Stalin is a Sri Lankan trade unionist, as of 2022 serving as general secretary of the Ceylon Teachers' Union. [665] The Chinese government instituted a period of official mourning for Stalin's death. [101] In November 1907, his wife died of typhus,[102] and he left his son with her family in Tiflis. [180] Stalin backed Lenin's decision not to form a coalition with the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionary Party, although they did form a coalition government with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. [551], Stalin attended the Potsdam Conference in JulyAugust 1945, alongside his new British and U.S. counterparts, Prime Minister Clement Attlee and President Harry Truman. Widely considered to be one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a pervasive personality cult within the international MarxistLeninist movement, which revered him as a champion of the working class and socialism. [481] The German tactic of blitzkrieg was initially highly effective; the Soviet air force in the western borderlands was destroyed within two days. Tamil Nadu Governor vs Stalin govt: Guv RN Ravi to visit Delhi again; second such visit within a week. A 2012 survey commissioned by the Carnegie Endowment found 38% of Armenians concurring that their country "will always have need of a leader like Stalin. [743] From mid-1918 until his death he favoured military-style clothing, in particular long black boots, light-coloured collarless tunics, and a gun. [553] Stalin pushed for reparations from Germany without regard to the base minimum supply for German citizens' survival, which worried Truman and Churchill who thought that Germany would become a financial burden for Western powers. [606] In September 1947, a meeting of East European communist leaders was held in Szklarska Porba, Poland, from which was formed Cominform to co-ordinate the Communist Parties across Eastern Europe and also in France and Italy. The Stalin memorial in Moscow's Red Square is a shrine for some Russians. [435] These purges replaced most of the party's old guard with younger officials who did not remember a time before Stalin's leadership and who were regarded as more personally loyal to him. [640] He instructed the arrested doctors to be tortured to ensure confession. [592] Stalin also initiated a new military build-up; the Soviet army was expanded from 2.9million soldiers, as it stood in 1949, to 5.8million by 1953. 6 December] 1878 [1] - 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. [238], The Soviet government sought to bring neighbouring states under its domination; in February 1921 it invaded the Menshevik-governed Georgia,[239] while in April 1921, Stalin ordered the Red Army into Turkestan to reassert Russian state control. [896] Under Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet administration various previously classified files on Stalin's life were made available to historians,[896] at which point Stalin became "one of the most urgent and vital issues on the public agenda" in the Soviet Union. [380] The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. 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